Climate Change Data

United Nations University Institute for Integrated Management of Material Fluxes and of Resources

Climate Impact & Sustainability Data (2023)

Reporting Period: 2023

Environmental Metrics

ESG Focus Areas

  • Climate Change
  • Environmental
  • Social
  • Governance
  • Just Energy Transition

Environmental Achievements

  • Reduced deforestation in Colombia due to decreased deforestation (partially attributed to peace agreement)
  • KPC (Indonesia) successfully transformed a 270 ha former mine site into a tourist facility and chicken farm, with improved water quality.

Social Achievements

  • KPC (Indonesia) provided water for 22,000 people from a rehabilitated mine site.
  • Various training programs for workers in Indonesia and South Africa to prepare them for jobs in renewable energy and other sectors.
  • South Africa's Just Transition Transaction Fund (JTT) aims to support the transition to a low-carbon economy and address socio-economic impacts.

Governance Achievements

  • Mozambique's new Electricity Law (NEL) promotes private sector involvement in renewable energy and includes provisions for a coal phase-out.
  • Colombia's Escazú Agreement ratification strengthens environmental defenders' rights.
  • South Africa's Presidential Climate Commission (PCC) released a Just Transitional Framework (JTF) to guide the transition.

Climate Goals & Targets

Long-term Goals:
  • Colombia: Achieve carbon neutrality by mid-century.
  • Indonesia: Achieve net-zero emissions by 2060 or sooner.
  • South Africa: Achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.
Medium-term Goals:
  • Colombia: Increase NCRE share to 10-20% by 2050.
  • Indonesia: Achieve 31% renewable energy share by 2050 and net-zero emissions by 2060 or sooner.
  • South Africa: Decommission 24,100MW of ageing CFPPs between 2030 and 2050.
Short-term Goals:
  • Colombia: Reduce GHG emissions by 51% by 2030.
  • Indonesia: Achieve 23% renewable energy share by 2025.
  • Mozambique: Achieve universal electrification by 2030 and 62% renewable energy share by 2030.
  • South Africa: Reduce GHG emissions to 398-440 Mton CO2eq by 2030.

Environmental Challenges

  • Global coal scarcity due to the war in Ukraine hindering transitions.
  • Regulatory gaps in mine closure and environmental liabilities in Colombia.
  • Lack of funding for Indonesia's energy transition.
  • Lack of transparency and coordination in Mozambique's extractives sector.
  • High debt and financial instability of Eskom (South Africa).
  • Acid mine drainage (AMD) in all four countries.
  • Lack of sufficient data on environmental impacts in Mozambique.
  • Ineffective enforcement of environmental regulations in South Africa.
Mitigation Strategies
  • Colombia's new government plan emphasizes a Just Energy Transition and coal phase-out.
  • Indonesia's Domestic Market Obligation (DMO) and coal downstream schemes aim to optimize domestic coal use.
  • Mozambique's new Electricity Law promotes renewable energy and includes provisions for a decommissioning fund.
  • South Africa's Just Transition Transaction Fund (JTT) and Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPPP) aim to accelerate the transition.

Supply Chain Management

Climate-Related Risks & Opportunities

Physical Risks
  • Extreme weather events
  • Floods
  • Droughts
Transition Risks
  • Regulatory changes
  • Market shifts
  • Job losses
Opportunities
  • Renewable energy development
  • Green jobs
  • Economic diversification