Climate Change Data

Environmental Metrics

ESG Focus Areas

• Environmental
• Social
• Governance

Environmental Achievements

• Remarkable results in pollution control and nature conservation by the mid-1980s

Social Achievements

• Increased participation of citizens in recycling, national trust, greening/tree-planting, and protecting nearby bodies of water

Governance Achievements

• Enactment of the Basic Environment Law in 1993, establishing basic principles for environmental conservation and various policy measures
• Establishment of the Council of Ministers on Global Environmental Conservation in 1989
• Adoption of the Action Program to Arrest Global Warming in 1990
• Adoption of the National Action Plan for Agenda 21 in late 1993

Climate Goals & Targets

Environmental Challenges

• Global warming
• Ozone depletion
• Acid rain
• Deforestation
• Wildlife extinction
• Environmental pollution in developing countries
• Urban and domestic pollution in Japan (air pollution from nitrogen oxides, water contamination from sewage, solid waste increase, deterioration of underground water)
• Decreasing population and aging in rural areas, making environmental conservation difficult
• Mass-production, mass-consumption, and mass-disposal patterns
• Lack of scientific certainty on the environment

Mitigation Strategies

• Establishing a socioeconomic system fostering environmentally sound material cycle
• Securing harmonious coexistence between humankind and diverse wildlife and natural environment
• Enhancing participation of all members of society in environmental conservation activities
• Enhancing international activities
• Implementing various policy instruments (EIA, regulatory measures, economic measures, program funding, environmental education, support for corporate and individual efforts, promotion of scientific technology)
• Promoting recycling
• Reducing waste generation
• Developing and disseminating technology for water conservation
• Improving sewage systems
• Controlling groundwater pumping
• Promoting environmentally friendly farming techniques
• Conserving forests
• Promoting international cooperation

Supply Chain Management

Responsible Procurement

• Use of recycled materials
• Environmental consideration in product design and manufacturing

Climate-Related Risks & Opportunities

Physical Risks

• Global warming

Reporting Standards

Frameworks Used: UNCED, Agenda 21, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Convention on Biological Diversity, OECD

Environmental Metrics

ESG Focus Areas

• Economic Policies
• Social Policies
• Public Sector Management and Environmental Sustainability

Environmental Achievements

• Increased access to metered and treated water (88% of population, 27% treated water)
• Development and endorsement of a National Water Resources Management Strategy (NWRMS)
• Establishment of 64 village-owned fisheries reserves and 80 villages with village fisheries by-laws
• Increased share and contribution of renewable energy in mass production and energy services and supply by 20% by year 2030

Social Achievements

• Improved Human Development Index (HDI) from 0.709 in 1985 to 0.785 in 2005
• Progress towards Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), particularly in poverty reduction, education, and gender equality
• Improved dropout rates in education, although still high in some years
• Improved health status, although non-communicable diseases are increasing
• Launch of an integrated youth development program (TALAVOU)
• Implementation of the school improvement model

Governance Achievements

• Improved governance environment as measured by World Bank governance indicators
• Completion and adoption of service charters by most Ministries and Corporations
• Establishment of the Office of the Regulator for telecommunications
• Passage of the MOH Act 2006 and NHS Act 2006, splitting the Ministry of Health into two bodies
• Implementation of the Public Administration Sector Plan (PASP)

Climate Goals & Targets

Environmental Challenges

• Inequality of income distribution
• Hardship among vulnerable groups
• Lack of formal employment opportunities
• Limitations in access to quality education
• Prevalence of non-communicable diseases
• Emerging social problems
• Unpredictable commodity prices and variations in supply due to weather conditions
• Declining fish stocks
• Land degradation and deforestation
• Inadequate waste management practices
• Vulnerability to natural disasters
• Slow pace of SOE reform
• Inefficient systems and procedures in the court system
• Staff shortages in various government agencies

Mitigation Strategies

• Sustained macroeconomic stability through fiscal and monetary policies
• Investment in economic infrastructure
• Legal and regulatory reforms to improve the business environment
• Development of financial markets
• Outward-oriented trade policies
• Community-based fisheries management
• Sustainable development and management of forest resources
• Improved waste management practices
• Disaster risk reduction measures
• SOE reform
• Implementation of the Samoa Law & Justice Sector Plan
• Capacity building and human resource development

Supply Chain Management

Climate-Related Risks & Opportunities

Physical Risks

• Cyclones
• Coastal erosion
• Storm surges
• Sea level rise

Opportunities

• Development of renewable energy sources

Environmental Metrics

ESG Focus Areas

• Clean Air
• Clean Land
• Clean Water
• Heritage Protection
• Antarctica

Environmental Achievements

• On track to beat 2020 emissions reduction target by 78 million tonnes
• Emissions Reduction Fund achieved 143 million tonnes of abatement
• 23.5% of Australia’s electricity from renewable sources by 2020 (on track)
• Planting of more than 13.4 million native trees under the 20 Million Trees initiative
• Great Barrier Reef not listed as 'in danger' by UNESCO
• Macquarie Island declared pest-free

Social Achievements

• Green Army program engaged over 5700 young Australians in over 700 teams
• National Landcare Programme simplified paperwork and provided more certainty for recipients
• Community Heritage and Icons Grants programme supported 30 community and Indigenous groups
• Kokoda Initiative supported sustainable development and protection of the Kokoda Track

Governance Achievements

• National Clean Air Agreement established
• Australian Heritage Strategy released
• Streamlined environmental approvals
• Deregulation removed more than 860 spent or redundant legislative instruments

Climate Goals & Targets

Environmental Challenges

• Climate change
• Threatened species
• Degraded land
• Water quality issues
• Great Barrier Reef health
• Air pollution

Mitigation Strategies

• Emissions Reduction Fund
• Safeguard Mechanism
• Renewable Energy Target
• National Energy Productivity Plan
• Green Army
• National Landcare Programme
• 20 Million Trees initiative
• Reef 2050 Long-Term Sustainability Plan
• National Clean Air Agreement
• Australian Heritage Strategy
• Streamlined environmental approvals
• Pest eradication programs

Supply Chain Management

Climate-Related Risks & Opportunities

Physical Risks

• Severe bleaching events (Great Barrier Reef)

Environmental Metrics

ESG Focus Areas

• Climate Change

Environmental Achievements

• Increased proportion of biodiversity conservation areas; increased mangrove forests by no less than 5,000 rai per year; developed an integrated and ecologically friendly coastal restoration plan in half of the coastal provinces by 2016; increased forest coverage to 40% of the total national area by 2020; developed an integrated and ecologically friendly coastal restoration plan for all coastal provinces by 2020; increased the proportion of usable water in the overall water table by 2050; decreased the number of endangered species by 2050; increased ecotourism by 2050

Social Achievements

• Developed an integrated and ecologically friendly coastal restoration plan in half of the coastal provinces by 2016; developed an integrated and ecologically friendly coastal restoration plan for all coastal provinces by 2020; increased the proportion of farmers in areas at risk who have received training in natural disaster prevention, readiness and mitigation by 2050; decreased malnutrition in children under 5 by 2050; increased disease surveillance in areas which are epidemic-prone by 2050; decreased per capita healthcare costs associated with climate change by 2050; promoted sustainable tourism and ecotourism

Governance Achievements

• Established a nexus for climate change related research and development (R&D) by 2016; developed databases of supporting data (sectoral data on GHG emissions, voluntary and mandatory GHG mitigation activities and carbon trading registry, GHG emissions reporting system for major operators in high emission industries, climate change related negotiation and cooperation) by 2016; developed a national climate change strategy with action plans for resilience and adaptation to climate change, climate change R&D, technological development, promotion of low carbon and environmentally friendly strategies, and capability building by 2016; established a national mechanism to facilitate financial, technological and capability building support from international partners by 2016; implemented Smart Grid technology at a national level by 2020; developed effective tools and mechanisms for climate change mitigation at a national level which are compatible to corresponding measures at an international level by 2020; increased the use of human resources development plans that are in alignment with low-carbon development and climate change adaptation/mitigation among regional and local government bodies by 2050

Climate Goals & Targets

Environmental Challenges

• Unpredictability and extreme variations in weather conditions affecting the agricultural sector; changing climatic conditions resulting in changes to disease spread patterns; disrupted ecological balance disrupting sustainable development, economic growth, and poverty reduction; rapid urbanization resulting in exponential rise in energy consumption, placing pressure on fossil fuel-reliant energy grid; international initiatives for cooperation introducing tension to balancing act; new trading regulations concerning climate change affecting export-driven economy; limited knowledge of climate change due to limited research and coverage; uncertainty in climate change projections; impacts on biologically and physically-related areas affecting sectors that rely on those systems; different geographical locations affecting levels of sensitivity to different climate variables; limitations in data and research; obstacles to implementation of climate change policies

Mitigation Strategies

• Formulated the National Strategic Plan on Climate Change 2551-2555 B.E. (2008-2013); developed the Climate Change Master Plan 2558-2593 B.E. (2015-2050) as a framework for long-term planning; utilized the Driving Forces-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework for comprehensive analysis; incorporated long-term planning, connections to developmental factors, and consistency with global operations in the Master Plan; emphasized stakeholder participation in the Master Plan preparation process; developed adaptation and mitigation strategies; established goals for short-term, medium-term, and long-term actions; developed practical tools and mechanisms to lower barriers to stakeholder involvement; promoted understanding of the goals and objectives of the climate change master plan among developmental partners; ensured alignment and understanding with agencies with budgetary control; created effective regulatory, monitoring, and evaluation processes

Supply Chain Management

Supplier Audits: Not disclosed

Responsible Procurement

• Green Procurement listing

Climate-Related Risks & Opportunities

Physical Risks

• Extreme storms and natural disasters; rising sea levels; droughts; floods; landslides; saltwater intrusion; changes in temperature, humidity, wind, water flow, seasonal shifts, precipitation, runoff, salinity and acidity of seawater, outbreaks of plant and animal diseases

Transition Risks

• Changes in international trading regulations; impacts on various sectors (water management, agriculture, public health, tourism, industry)

Opportunities

• Development of energy-efficient products; promotion of renewable energy industry; development of environmentally friendly products and services; creation of new markets for new products; development of sustainable tourism and ecotourism

Reporting Standards

Frameworks Used: UNFCCC

Certifications: Null

Third-party Assurance: Not disclosed

UN Sustainable Development Goals

• Not disclosed

Not disclosed

Sustainable Products & Innovation

• Not disclosed

Awards & Recognition

• Not disclosed

Environmental Metrics

ESG Focus Areas

• Environmental Sustainability
• Resource Management
• Waste Reduction
• Solar Adoption

Environmental Achievements

• Reduced electricity consumption by 15.2% from FY2013 levels by FY2020 (surpassing the 15% target).
• Reduced water consumption by 5.1% from FY2013 levels by FY2020 (surpassing the 5% target).
• 92 new public sector buildings achieved BCA Green Mark Platinum standard.
• Annual energy savings of 290 GWh, equivalent to powering 50,000 households for a year and reducing carbon emissions by 130 kT annually.

Social Achievements

• Launched Back to School Programme, providing tertiary students internship opportunities to green their former schools.
• Implemented food waste digester projects at Republic Polytechnic and Pioneer Junior College, recycling at least 26 tonnes of food waste annually.

Governance Achievements

• Appointed Sustainability Managers (SMs) in all ministries and organs of state.
• Established an Environmental Sustainability Advisory (ESA) team to provide technical expertise.
• Published an Environmental Sustainability Guide with best practices.
• Implemented mandatory green procurement policies for paper, electrical appliances, and event venues.

Climate Goals & Targets

Environmental Challenges

• Limited land space and heavy cloud cover for solar deployment.
• Waste reduction targets yet to be fully implemented.

Mitigation Strategies

• SolarNova programme to aggregate solar demand and deploy solar panels on rooftops and reservoirs.
• Waste measurement systems implemented to facilitate waste reduction measures; targets to be set in 2017.

Supply Chain Management

Supplier Audits: Not disclosed

Responsible Procurement

• Green procurement policies for paper, electrical appliances, and event venues.

Climate-Related Risks & Opportunities

Physical Risks

• Not disclosed

Transition Risks

• Not disclosed

Opportunities

• Not disclosed

Reporting Standards

Frameworks Used: Null

Certifications: BCA Green Mark

Third-party Assurance: Not disclosed

UN Sustainable Development Goals

• Not disclosed

Not disclosed

Sustainable Products & Innovation

• Not disclosed

Awards & Recognition

• Not disclosed

Environmental Metrics

ESG Focus Areas

• Climate Change
• Sustainability
• Economic Growth

Environmental Achievements

• Reduced emissions intensity by 43% from 2000 to 2017
• Switched electricity generation fuel mix from fuel oil to natural gas (95% in 2019)
• Increased solar capacity significantly, aiming for at least 2 GWp by 2030
• Greened more than 40% of building GFA by March 2020, aiming for 80% by 2030
• Reduced annual energy consumption in public housing estates by 10% (aiming for further 15% reduction by 2030)

Social Achievements

• Launched Climate Action Package (CAP) under Singapore Cooperation Programme (SCP) in 2018 to support developing countries
• Implemented Zero Waste Masterplan with a target to reduce waste sent to landfill by 30% by 2030
• Launched various initiatives to increase public awareness on climate change and energy efficiency
• Established the Singapore Food Agency (SFA) to strengthen food security
• Implemented various initiatives to upskill and reskill workers for the green economy

Governance Achievements

• Implemented carbon tax in 2019, aiming to increase rate to S$10-S$15/tCO2e by 2030
• Established Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (IMCCC) to oversee climate change policies
• Introduced Resource Sustainability Act (RSA) in 2019 to promote sustainable waste management
• Developed Green Finance Action Plan in 2019 to build financial system resilience to environmental risks
• Required SGX-listed issuers to produce annual sustainability reports since 2016

Climate Goals & Targets

Environmental Challenges

• Limited access to renewable energy sources due to geographical constraints
• High dependence on imports for food and energy
• High upfront capital costs of energy-efficient technologies
• Intermittency of solar power due to tropical weather conditions
• Need for significant investments in coastal protection (estimated S$100 billion over 100 years)

Mitigation Strategies

• Developing four supply switches for power generation (natural gas, solar, regional power grids, emerging low-carbon alternatives)
• Implementing energy efficiency measures across all sectors
• Investing in R&D for emerging technologies like CCUS and low-carbon hydrogen
• Promoting green finance and sustainable investment
• Strengthening international collaborations on carbon storage, regional electricity grids, and market-based mechanisms

Supply Chain Management

Responsible Procurement

• Green procurement practices by public sector

Climate-Related Risks & Opportunities

Physical Risks

• Sea level rise
• Increased intensity and frequency of extreme weather events
• Flooding
• Droughts

Transition Risks

• Volatility of regional and global developments
• Economic impacts of climate change mitigation measures

Opportunities

• Development of low-carbon technologies
• Green growth opportunities
• Strengthening of international collaborations

Reporting Standards

Frameworks Used: UNFCCC

UN Sustainable Development Goals

• Goal 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy)
• Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities)
• Goal 13 (Climate Action)
• Goal 14 (Life Below Water)
• Goal 15 (Life On Land)

Various initiatives contribute to these goals through energy efficiency, sustainable urban development, climate change mitigation and adaptation, biodiversity conservation, and waste management

Sustainable Products & Innovation

• NEWSand (using waste residues as construction material)
• Sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs)

Awards & Recognition

• Hassib J. Sabbagh Award for Engineering Construction Excellence (NEA)
• Various awards recognizing companies' commitment to energy efficiency and sustainability