Climate Change Data

Imerys – French Limited Liability Company (Société Anonyme)

Climate Impact & Sustainability Data (2017, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023)

Reporting Period: 2017

Environmental Metrics

Total Carbon Emissions:3179 ktCO2e/year
Scope 1 Emissions:2018 ktCO2e/year
Scope 2 Emissions:1161 ktCO2e/year
Scope 3 Emissions:Not disclosed
Renewable Energy Share:Not disclosed
Total Energy Consumption:36932 TJ/year
Water Consumption:45441 million liters/year
Waste Generated:252022 tons/year
Carbon Intensity:691.3 tCO2e per million Euros of turnover

ESG Focus Areas

  • Safety and health
  • Human capital
  • Climate change
  • Environmental stewardship
  • Business conduct
  • Product management

Environmental Achievements

  • Improved Group energy efficiency by 4.3% from the 2014 baseline (below the 6% objective)
  • Improved Group carbon efficiency by 6% from the 2014 baseline (meeting the target)
  • Achieved a 78% reduction in NOx emissions at the Tianjing site in China since mid-2016
  • Achieved a 63% recovery rate of non-hazardous inert waste (exceeding the 55% target set by the French TECV law for 2020)
  • Recycled 44,392 million liters of water

Social Achievements

  • Launched a global employee engagement survey with a 75% response rate
  • Implemented new benefits schemes in several countries
  • Launched an illiteracy eradication program in Indonesia
  • Held nine workshops to raise awareness on unconscious bias
  • Implemented the micro-business incubation initiatives in Brazil and India

Governance Achievements

  • Amended the Internal Charter of the Board of Directors to comply with best practices and the revised AFEP-MEDEF Code
  • Appointed an employee representative Director as a new member of the Compensation Committee
  • Strengthened the internal reporting system to alert on non-compliance issues
  • Refreshed the Group anti-fraud & anti-bribery compliance program
  • Implemented a new personal data protection compliance program

Climate Goals & Targets

Long-term Goals:
  • Not disclosed
Medium-term Goals:
  • Define the Group 2030 and 2050 CO2 emission reduction targets in line with COP 21 2° C trajectory
Short-term Goals:
  • Improve Group energy efficiency by 2% relative to 2017 by the end of 2018
  • Develop a Group framework and methodology to evaluate product sustainability

Environmental Challenges

  • Combined Lost-Time Accident Rate (LTA) of 1.42 (above the Group ambition)
  • One fatal accident involving an Imerys subcontractor
  • Increase in total Scope 1 and Scope 2 CO2 emissions due to acquisitions
  • Need to improve the quality of biodiversity management plans
  • Challenges in ensuring compliance with ESG standards across the supply chain
Mitigation Strategies
  • Commitment to make a step change to eradicate life-changing incidents and fatalities
  • Focus on continuously improving safety performance
  • Development of Business Continuity Plans (BCP) for high-priority sites to mitigate climate change risks
  • Launch of a climate change working group to develop a long-term strategy
  • Implementation of the Imerys Supplier Environmental, Social and Governance Standard

Supply Chain Management

Supplier Audits: Not disclosed

Responsible Procurement
  • Imerys Supplier Environmental, Social and Governance Standard

Climate-Related Risks & Opportunities

Physical Risks
  • Not disclosed
Transition Risks
  • Not disclosed
Opportunities
  • Not disclosed

Reporting Standards

Frameworks Used: GRI (Core option), UNGC, UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, OECD Guidelines, ISO 26000, ILO Fundamental Conventions

Certifications: ISO 14001, EMAS

Third-party Assurance: Deloitte & Associés

UN Sustainable Development Goals

  • SDG 3
  • SDG 4
  • SDG 5
  • SDG 6
  • SDG 7
  • SDG 8
  • SDG 10
  • SDG 12
  • SDG 13
  • SDG 15
  • SDG 16

The report details how various initiatives contribute to these goals.

Sustainable Products & Innovation

  • ImerPlast™
  • Imerys ReMined™

Awards & Recognition

  • Natural England Award for Landscape-scale Restoration

Reporting Period: 2019

Environmental Metrics

Scope 1 Emissions:1,811 kt CO2e
Scope 2 Emissions:1,086 kt CO2e
Scope 3 Emissions:4,254.7 kt CO2e
Water Consumption:40,524 million liters
Waste Generated:203,516 tons
Carbon Intensity:665.4 tCO2e/€M in 2019

ESG Focus Areas

  • Empowering our people
  • Caring for our planet
  • Building for the future

Environmental Achievements

  • 11% reduction in tons of CO2 equivalent emitted per euro of revenue since 2018
  • 436 hectares of land rehabilitated in Western Europe
  • 51% of water used at Group sites recycled
  • 805 tons reduction in SO2 emissions
  • 1020 tons reduction in NOx emissions

Social Achievements

  • Improved Group Safety Culture Maturity
  • Increased diversity and inclusion awareness
  • 56 new local community relations projects
  • 93% of registered Group employees completed “Serious 7” training

Governance Achievements

  • New governance structure with separation of Chairman and CEO roles
  • New organization with fewer management layers
  • Updated Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
  • 228 suppliers assessed against environmental, social and governance criteria

Climate Goals & Targets

Long-term Goals:
  • Reduce Group scope 1 & 2 greenhouse gas emissions by 36% relative to revenue by 2030
  • Engage 71% of suppliers by spend to have science based targets by 2023
Medium-term Goals:
  • Reduce Group CO2 emissions by 36% relative to revenue by 2030
  • Increase the number of women in Senior Management to 30% by the end of 2022
  • Conduct 100% of audit using the environmental maturity matrix by the end of 2022
  • Achieve 100% of objectives defined within Group act4nature commitment by the end of 2021
  • Improve the external CSR rating of the Group
  • Deploy a CSR rating scheme covering at least 50% of Group suppliers (by spend) by the end of 2022
  • Assess Imerys Products in Application Combinations (PAC) according to the SPM methodology to cover at least 40% of Imerys product portfolio (by revenue) by the end of 2022
  • Ensure at least 50% of Group New Product Developments are scored as 'Sustainable Solutions' by the end of 2022
Short-term Goals:
  • Reduce Group Total Injury Frequency Rate to ≤ 3.5
  • Improve Group occupational health performance by 30% against 2019 baseline assessments

Environmental Challenges

  • Transformation of the Group
  • Evolution and volatility of end markets
  • Product stewardship
  • Innovation
  • Digital transformation
  • Mineral reserves and resources
  • Cybersecurity
  • Employee health & safety
  • Environment and climate change
  • Compliance with laws and regulations
Mitigation Strategies
  • Risk map and action plan for transformation program
  • Market-oriented organization with marketing and business development teams
  • Product stewardship team, policy, and protocols
  • Decentralized innovation with project portfolio management
  • Robust governance structure and management procedures for digital transformation
  • PERC Reporting Standard for mineral reserves and resources
  • Action plan for cybersecurity with IT security team and new systems
  • Imerys Safety System with protocols, communication, and audits
  • Environmental Management System (EMS) with compliance audits
  • Code of Business Conduct and Ethics with training and alert system

Supply Chain Management

Supplier Audits: 228 suppliers assessed in 2019

Responsible Procurement
  • Imerys Supplier Environmental Social and Governance Standards

Climate-Related Risks & Opportunities

Transition Risks
  • Regulatory changes
  • Market shifts
  • Increased tax or carbon quotas
  • Costs of raw materials
  • Shifting customer preference

Reporting Standards

Frameworks Used: GRI, UN Global Compact, UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, OECD Guidelines, ISO 26000, ILO Fundamental Conventions

Certifications: ISO 14001, EMAS, ISO 9001

Third-party Assurance: Deloitte

UN Sustainable Development Goals

  • SDG 3
  • SDG 4
  • SDG 5
  • SDG 6
  • SDG 8
  • SDG 12
  • SDG 13
  • SDG 15
  • SDG 16

Various initiatives contributing to these goals are detailed throughout the report.

Sustainable Products & Innovation

  • ReMinedTM products
  • Ultra-reactive cement

Reporting Period: 2020

Environmental Metrics

Total Carbon Emissions:2,494 kt CO2e
Scope 1 Emissions:1,510 kt CO2e
Scope 2 Emissions:984 kt CO2e
Scope 3 Emissions:Not disclosed
Renewable Energy Share:Not disclosed
Total Energy Consumption:8,159,406 MWh
Water Consumption:37,472 M liters
Waste Generated:147,471 tons
Carbon Intensity:657 tCO2e/M€

ESG Focus Areas

  • Health & Safety
  • Occupational Health Management
  • Product Sustainability
  • Biodiversity & Land Rehabilitation
  • Environmental Management
  • Human Rights & Labor Practices
  • Community Engagement
  • Fair Operating Practices & Responsible Purchasing
  • Talents & Skills Management
  • Diversity & Inclusion
  • Climate Change Strategy
  • Non-Energetic Resources Efficiency
  • Sustainable Technologies

Environmental Achievements

  • 12% reduction in tons of CO2 equivalent emitted per million euro of revenue since 2018
  • 60% of environmental audits were based on the environmental maturity matrix at the end of 2020
  • 93% of the objectives defined within Group act4nature commitment have been fulfilled

Social Achievements

  • Increased the number of women in senior management to 26% at the end of 2020
  • Implementation of the Group Diversity and Inclusion 3-year program is at 40% at the end of 2020
  • Launched a new mental health guide for employees and managers

Governance Achievements

  • EcoVadis rating improved to 74 out of 100 (Platinum), placing the Group in the top 1% of companies assessed
  • Deployment of a CSR rating scheme started in mid-2020 and covers 14% of Group suppliers (by spend) at the end of 2020

Climate Goals & Targets

Long-term Goals:
  • Not disclosed
Medium-term Goals:
  • Reduce Group scope 1 & 2 greenhouse gas emissions by 36% relative to revenue (tCO2/M€) by 2030
  • Engage 71% of suppliers by spend to have science-based targets by 2023
Short-term Goals:
  • Improve Group Safety Culture Maturity to Level 3 across all Business Areas by the end of 2022
  • Improve Group occupational health performance by 30% against 2019 baseline assessments by the end of 2022
  • Increase the number of women in senior management to 30% by the end of 2022
  • Fully implement the Group Diversity and Inclusion 3-year program by the end of 2022
  • Reduce environmental impacts through the deployment of a continuous improvement program and conduct 100% of environmental audits using the environmental maturity matrix by the end of 2022
  • Achieve all objectives defined within Group act4nature commitment and renew engagement for an additional midterm cycle by the end of 2021
  • Improve the external CSR rating of the Group
  • Deploy a CSR rating scheme covering at least 50% of Group suppliers (by spend) by the end of 2022
  • Assess Imerys Products in Application Combinations (PAC) according to CSR criteria to cover at least 40% of Imerys product portfolio (by revenue) by the end of 2022
  • Ensure at least 50% of Group New Product Developments are scored as 'SustainAgility Solutions' by the end of 2022

Environmental Challenges

  • Evolution and volatility of end markets
  • Product stewardship
  • Innovation
  • Digital transformation
  • Mineral reserves and resources
  • Employee health & safety
  • Crisis management
  • Cybersecurity
  • Environment and climate change
  • Compliance with laws and regulations
Mitigation Strategies
  • Structured organization around key markets, market analysis by Executive Committee, Strategy Department monitoring market changes
  • Product stewardship team, product stewardship policy and protocols, Mine to Market Mineral Management (M4) program
  • Decentralized innovation, centralized intellectual property, shared project portfolio management system, close relations between science & technology, marketing and business development teams
  • Coherent governance structure, robust management procedure, regular progress meetings, internal audit assignments
  • PERC Reporting Standard, detailed knowledge of mineral reserves and resources, annual consolidated review, audits
  • Imerys Safety System, safety risk assessments, safety protocols, awareness campaigns, occupational health strategy
  • Regular analysis of major risks, crisis management project, actions during Covid-19 pandemic
  • Action plan with specialized consulting firm, IT security team, fortified communications network, new IT security systems, awareness-raising initiatives
  • Environmental Management System (EMS), dedicated team, regulatory watch system, environmental protocols, maturity matrix, Group Environmental Charter
  • Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, regular review and enhancement of policies and procedures, compliance audits, compliance upgrade projects

Supply Chain Management

Supplier Audits: 200 suppliers assessed (14% of Group spend)

Responsible Procurement
  • Imerys Supplier ESG Standards
  • CSR rating scheme with EcoVadis

Climate-Related Risks & Opportunities

Physical Risks
  • Extreme weather events, natural disasters
Transition Risks
  • Regulatory changes, increasing tax or carbon quotas, costs of raw materials, shifting customer preference
Opportunities
  • Energy efficiency improvements, renewable energy sources

Reporting Standards

Frameworks Used: SASB Industry Standards, GRI’s Sustainability Reporting Guidelines, UN Global Compact, UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, OECD Guidelines, ISO 26000, ILO Fundamental Conventions

Certifications: ISO 14001, EMAS, ISO 9001

Third-party Assurance: Deloitte

UN Sustainable Development Goals

  • SDG 3
  • SDG 4
  • SDG 5
  • SDG 6
  • SDG 8
  • SDG 12
  • SDG 13
  • SDG 15
  • SDG 16

The SustainAgility program aligns with and contributes to these SDGs through various initiatives.

Sustainable Products & Innovation

  • EcoBright solution

Awards & Recognition

  • Not disclosed

Reporting Period: 2021

Environmental Metrics

Total Carbon Emissions:2447 ktCO2e
Scope 1 Emissions:1597 ktCO2e
Scope 2 Emissions:851 ktCO2e
Scope 3 Emissions:1221 ktCO2e (purchased goods and services) + other categories
Renewable Energy Share:30.4%
Total Energy Consumption:9,088,989 MWh
Water Consumption:57,253,000 m3
Waste Generated:166,173 tons
Carbon Intensity:558 tCO2eq/M€ (2021)

ESG Focus Areas

  • Climate Change
  • Diversity & Inclusion
  • Responsible Purchasing
  • Safety & Health
  • Biodiversity
  • Product Sustainability
  • Community Engagement
  • Human Rights

Environmental Achievements

  • Reduced Group scope 1 & 2 greenhouse gas emissions by 23% relative to revenue (tCO2eq/M€) compared to 2018 base year.
  • 90% of environmental audits were based on the environmental maturity matrix.
  • 100% of the objectives defined within Group act4nature commitment have been fulfilled.

Social Achievements

  • Launched Safer Together program to strengthen Health and Safety culture.
  • Improved Group occupational health performance by 19.3% against 2019 baseline assessments.
  • Increased the number of women in senior management to 26%.

Governance Achievements

  • Appointed an independent Director as ESG Referent Director.
  • EcoVadis sustainability assessment rated 70 out of 100.
  • Sustainability rating scheme covers 35% of Group suppliers (by spend).

Climate Goals & Targets

Long-term Goals:
  • Not disclosed
Medium-term Goals:
  • Reduce Group scope 1 & 2 greenhouse gas emissions by 36% relative to revenue by 2030.
  • Engage 71% of suppliers by spend to have science-based targets by 2023.
Short-term Goals:
  • Reduce Group scope 1 & 2 greenhouse gas emissions by 22.9% by the end of 2025.
  • Improve Group Safety Culture Maturity to Level 3 by the end of 2022.
  • Increase the number of women in senior management to 30% by the end of 2022.
  • Deploy a sustainability rating scheme covering at least 50% of Group suppliers (by spend) by the end of 2022.
  • Assess Imerys Products in Application Combinations (PAC) according to sustainability criteria to cover at least 40% of Imerys product portfolio (by revenue) by the end of 2022.
  • Ensure at least 50% of Group New Product Developments are scored as SustainAgility Solutions by the end of 2022.

Environmental Challenges

  • Supply chain disruptions and accelerating cost inflation.
  • Climate change related risks (transitional and physical risks).
  • Potential violations of the Group Code of Business Conduct and Ethics.
  • Supplier risks related to human rights, health, safety and environment.
Mitigation Strategies
  • Implemented a comprehensive Water Management Plan.
  • Defined Scope 1, 2, and 3 emission reduction targets (validated by SBTi).
  • Launched the “I-Nergize” program to improve energy efficiency.
  • Developed a Supplier ESG Standards and a sustainability rating scheme.
  • Implemented a whistleblowing system and a robust internal investigation process.

Supply Chain Management

Supplier Audits: 35% of suppliers assessed by EcoVadis by spend.

Responsible Procurement
  • Supplier ESG Standards
  • Sustainability rating scheme

Climate-Related Risks & Opportunities

Physical Risks
  • Changes in precipitation patterns
  • Extreme weather events (cyclones, floods)
Transition Risks
  • Emerging regulations with carbon pricing mechanisms
Opportunities
  • Development and expansion of low-emission goods and services
  • Development of new products
  • Use of more efficient production processes

Reporting Standards

Frameworks Used: TCFD, SASB, GRI, UNGC, OECD Guidelines, ISO 26000, ILO Fundamental Conventions

Certifications: ISO 14001, EMAS

Third-party Assurance: Deloitte (limited assurance)

UN Sustainable Development Goals

  • SDG 3
  • SDG 4
  • SDG 5
  • SDG 6
  • SDG 8
  • SDG 12
  • SDG 13
  • SDG 15
  • SDG 16

Imerys' initiatives contribute to these goals through its various ESG programs and activities.

Sustainable Products & Innovation

  • ReMinedTM products; Imerloop; other SustainAgility Solutions.

Awards & Recognition

  • Not disclosed

Reporting Period: 2022

Environmental Metrics

Water Consumption:68.13 million m3/year (total); 45.32 million m3/year (operational)
Waste Generated:122,182 tons/year (total industrial waste)
Carbon Intensity:-31% reduction in tCO2eq/€M revenue since 2018

ESG Focus Areas

  • Empowering our people
  • Growing with our customers
  • Caring for our planet

Environmental Achievements

  • Reduced Group scope 1 & 2 greenhouse gas emissions by 31% relative to revenue (tCO2eq/€M) compared to a 2018 baseline
  • 100% of environmental audits using the environmental maturity matrix
  • 93% of Group sites with quarries or mines defined a Biodiversity Action Plan

Social Achievements

  • Improved Group occupational health performance by 33% against 2019 baseline assessments
  • Improved Group Safety Culture Maturity across all Business areas to 3.0
  • Fully implemented 83% of the Group Diversity and Inclusion 3-year program

Governance Achievements

  • Improved the external sustainability rating of the Group by 7% compared to 2022 assessment
  • Deployed a sustainability rating scheme of Group suppliers (by spend) covering 53%

Climate Goals & Targets

Long-term Goals:
  • Net zero emissions by 2050
Medium-term Goals:
  • Increase the number of women in senior management to 30% by 2025
  • Deploy a sustainability rating scheme of Group suppliers (by spend) to 75% by 2025
  • Assess the Products in Application Combinations (PAC) of Imerys product portfolio (by revenue) according to sustainability criteria to 75% by 2025
  • Ensure the Group New Product Developments are scored as SustainAgility Solutions to 75% by 2025
  • Reduce Group scope 1 & 2 greenhouse gas emissions by 36% relative to revenue (tCO2eq/€M) by 2030
  • Reduce Group scope 1 & 2 greenhouse gas emissions (tCO2eq) by 42% from 2021 base year by 2030
  • Engage our suppliers (by spend) to have science-based targets to 71% by 2023
Short-term Goals:
  • Improve Group Safety Culture Maturity to 3.3 by 2025
  • Increase global Occupational Health action plan improvement rate to 75% by 2025
  • Increase the score of the Diversity, Equity & Inclusion Index to 100% by 2025
  • Reduce environmental impacts by assessing the maturity level of sites against environmental management requirements to 100% by 2025
  • Improve water management by ensuring major sites comply with new water reporting requirements to 100% by 2025
  • Improve mineral resources efficiency by ensuring priority sites comply with new mineral wastes reporting requirements to 80% by 2025
  • Reduce impact on biodiversity by filling Act4nature commitments and conducting biodiversity audits on priority sites to 20 by 2025

Environmental Challenges

  • Occupational Safety risks related to hazardous energy, mobile equipment, working at heights, and ground control.
  • Occupational Health risks including dust, noise, vibration, and ergonomic issues.
  • Risks related to Business Ethics and Compliance and Responsible Purchasing, particularly ensuring supplier compliance with the Group Code of Business Conduct and Ethics.
  • Potential adverse impacts on local ecosystems and biodiversity from extractive activities.
  • Greenhouse gas emissions from energy consumption and industrial processes.
  • Climate change risks including transitional risks (regulations, carbon pricing) and physical risks (water stress, extreme weather).
Mitigation Strategies
  • Implementation of the Imerys Safety System (ISS) with a focus on hierarchy of controls and Behavior-Based Safety (BBS).
  • Comprehensive 5-year occupational health action plan.
  • Reinforcement of internal controls and Group compliance programs; Supplier ESG Standards.
  • Sound Environmental Management System (EMS) and environmental audits.
  • Long-term climate change strategy with Scope 1, 2, and 3 emission reduction targets; I-Nergize energy efficiency program.
  • Internal carbon price for energy-related projects; assessment of climate-related risks and opportunities.

Supply Chain Management

Supplier Audits: 9 audits performed in 2022 (33% of targeted most-at-risk suppliers)

Responsible Procurement
  • Imerys Supplier ESG Standards; Supplier EHS Policy; EcoVadis sustainability rating scheme.

Climate-Related Risks & Opportunities

Physical Risks
  • Water stress
  • Extreme weather variability
Transition Risks
  • Emerging regulations with carbon pricing mechanisms
Opportunities
  • Development and expansion of low-emission goods and services
  • Development of new products and services through R&D and innovation
  • Use of more efficient production processes

Reporting Standards

Frameworks Used: GRI, SASB, TCFD, UNGC

Certifications: ISO 14001, EMAS

Third-party Assurance: Moderate assurance from one of the statutory auditors

UN Sustainable Development Goals

  • SDG 3
  • SDG 4
  • SDG 5
  • SDG 6
  • SDG 8
  • SDG 12
  • SDG 13
  • SDG 15
  • SDG 16

Imerys' sustainability initiatives contribute to these SDGs through various programs and actions related to health & safety, education, gender equality, water management, economic growth, sustainable consumption & production, climate action, biodiversity, and responsible governance.

Sustainable Products & Innovation

  • ReMined™ products; Sewper® Liner Solution

Reporting Period: 2023

Environmental Metrics

Total Carbon Emissions:6.6 MtCO2e (2021)
Scope 1 Emissions:1.23 MtCO2e (2021)
Scope 2 Emissions:0.85 MtCO2e (2021)
Scope 3 Emissions:4.56 MtCO2e (2021)
Renewable Energy Share:Not disclosed
Total Energy Consumption:Not disclosed
Water Consumption:Not disclosed
Waste Generated:Not disclosed
Carbon Intensity:Not disclosed

ESG Focus Areas

  • Climate Change

Environmental Achievements

  • Reduced scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions by 24% in 2023 compared to 2021 base year
  • Reduced scope 3 GHG emissions by 6% in 2022 compared to 2021 base year
  • Invested €50M since 2021 in climate change transition projects

Social Achievements

  • Not disclosed

Governance Achievements

  • Established a climate change governance framework including Board of Directors, Sustainability Committee, and Climate Change Steering Committee

Climate Goals & Targets

Long-term Goals:
  • Not disclosed
Medium-term Goals:
  • Not disclosed
Short-term Goals:
  • Reduce absolute scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions by 42% by 2030 from 2021 base year
  • Reduce absolute scope 3 GHG emissions by 25% by 2030 from 2021 base year

Environmental Challenges

  • Not disclosed
Mitigation Strategies
  • Not disclosed

Supply Chain Management

Supplier Audits: 48% of suppliers by spend (approx. 900 suppliers) had emissions reduction targets in place by end of 2023

Responsible Procurement
  • Integrating GHG emissions into purchasing decisions, requesting product carbon footprint information from suppliers, implementing low-carbon transport policies

Climate-Related Risks & Opportunities

Physical Risks
  • Not disclosed
Transition Risks
  • Not disclosed
Opportunities
  • Not disclosed

Reporting Standards

Frameworks Used: SBTi

Certifications: Null

Third-party Assurance: Third-party auditor (mentioned but not specified)

UN Sustainable Development Goals

  • Nine UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SustainAgility program contributes to nine SDGs

Sustainable Products & Innovation

  • Lithium hydroxide and battery-grade lithium carbonate, synthetic graphite and carbon black, mineral-based filter products, kaolinite clay, metakaolin, fine grade perlite, and calcium aluminate mineral accelerator, ImerCare Matte®, ShrinkSan®

Awards & Recognition

  • Not disclosed